Some critics see these ideologies as examples of scientism and techno-utopianism and worry the notion of human enhancement and technological singularity which they support. The oldest known constructed roadways are the stone-paved streets of town-state of Ur, courting to circa 4000 BCE and timber roads main via the swamps of Glastonbury, England, relationship to around the identical time period. The first long-distance road, which got here into use round 3500 BCE, spanned 1,500 miles from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea, however was not paved and was solely partially maintained. In around 2000 BCE, the Minoans on the Greek island of Crete constructed a fifty-kilometer (thirty-mile) road main from the palace of Gortyn on the south side of the island, by way of the mountains, to the palace of Knossos on the north side of the island. The earliest identified use of wind energy is the crusing ship; the earliest record of a ship beneath sail is that of a Nile boat dating to the eighth-millennium BCE.

These embody primates similar to chimpanzees, some dolphin communities, and crows. Considering a extra generic perspective of technology as ethology of energetic environmental conditioning and management, we are able to additionally discuss …